Rape or marital rape: Offence or natural trait? an insight through evolution and cultural ideology -1

 

Marital rape or general rape involving girls age 12years and upwards is a ploy for women hand grenades to hit against men in dual war. Feminists propaganda and media publicity made it a hyper sensation. Marital rape or rape have a foundation on weak ground.

Check what science and evolution say about the vagina:

Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. The diverse mechanisms of genital coevolution include natural selection, female mate choice, male-male competition, and how their interactions generate sexual conflict that can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution. Natural selection on genital morphology will result in size coevolution to allow for copulation to be mechanically possible, even as other features of the genitalia may reflect the action of other mechanisms of selection. Genital coevolution is explicitly predicted by at least three mechanisms of genital evolution: lock and key to prevent hybridization, female choice, and sexual conflict.

Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict

Rape is penis penetration into the vagina forcefully. There is also Forced rape- a female forcefully coerce men's penis into the female vagina. Except for penile penetration, there are also other sorts of rapes.

A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion is a 2000 book by the biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer, in which the authors argue that evolutionary psychology can account for rape among human beings, maintain that rape is either a behavioural adaptation or a byproduct of adaptive traits such as sexual desire and aggressiveness, and make proposals for preventing rape. They also criticize the assumption that there is a connection between what is naturally selected and what is morally right or wrong, which they refer to as the "naturalistic fallacy", and the idea, popularized by the feminist author Susan Brownmiller in Against Our Will (1975), that rape is an expression of male domination and is not sexually motivated.

A Natural History of Rape

Women love to talk more because it gives them happiness. Whether necessary or unnecessary, logical or illogical, women don't care. Women love to listen to other women 's gossips and appreciate if the words are sweet and convince her/them, making them comfortable with their beliefs.

Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape is a 1975 book about rape by Susan Brownmiller, in which the author argues that rape is "a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear." These words have no foundation in science or logic. But the author's argument is strong enough to pick up a fight against/with men illogically.

When women - turn to be an enemy of a man or show hostility in nature to men, men being stronger person want to make women feel like lesser beings. But it is an exceptional case. It is a strategy for all war and hatred. It happens to men too. A stronger man intimidates or humiliates a weaker man. It has nothing to do with gender.

 But rape does not occur suddenly. It starts from an infatuation with a woman or a desire to have sex with a glam girl who displays her vital sexual features attractive. When it is not possible in reality, men force on women like hunters. We find in history women prefer powerful men to be a mate, in natural mating selection. 

In earlier centuries, there are examples of raped women, captive women, abducted women who did not want to return to their lands and loved their rapist or abductor men.

Most rapes are not with strangers. And women are not innocent persons either.

The nature of women is the autonomy of feminity to expose; they always bare their private parts, seduce targeting potential powerful men, but they land with ordinary men. The blame game starts thereafter.

Despite the passion and power of the author's language, despite monumental research and massive study and journalism for the book “Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape”  Susan Brownmiller's conclusion that "rape is an expression of male domination and is not sexually motivated" is not true to accept. If Men want to dominate women there are a thousand ways to express domination not sexually.

If Men want to dominate women, there are a thousand ways to express domination over women, not by a particularly sexual way. A rape takes place with sexual motivation on the part of the rapist. Isn't sexual arousal of the rapist the one common factor in all rapes, including date rapes, rapes of children, rapes of women under anaesthetic and even gang rapes committed by soldiers during the war?

Men rape women because the rapists may have a variety of motivations. They may rape because, for instance, they want to impress their friends by losing their virginity or because they want to avenge themselves against women who have spurned them. 

When a man goes to brothels, pay money for the sex service- do women feel like lesser being? or the man who goes to brothels do dominate the prostitute? No, the man hides his total act fearing social stigma. Men go to women for sex only.

Sexual coercion among animals

Sexual coercion among animals includes the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. Such behaviour has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans.

In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. Males generally prefer to increase their number of offspring, and therefore their number of mates; females, on the other hand, tend to care more for their offspring and have fewer mates. Because of this, there are generally more males available to mate at a given time, making females a limited resource. This leads males to evolve aggressive mating behaviours, which can help them acquire mates.

Sexual coercion has been observed in many species, including mammals, birds, insects, and fish. While sexual coercion does help increase male fitness, it is very often costly to females. Sexual coercion has been observed to have consequences, such as intersexual coevolution, speciation, and sexual dimorphism

Source: Wikipedia

In the nonhuman primate world and other mammals, Male aggression and sexual coercion of females are natural.

In the animal kingdom, including ducks and geese, bottlenose dolphins,  chimpanzees and orangutans, close human relatives, force copulations constitute up to half of the observed matings. Such 'forced copulations' involve animals being approached and sexually penetrated while struggling or attempting to escape. Observations of forced sex in animals are uncontroversial; controversial is the interpretation of these observations and the extension of theories based on them to humans.

The biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer, the authors of A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion introduce a theory by describing the sexual behaviour of scorpionflies. In which the male may gain sex from the female either by presenting a gift of food during courtship or without a nuptial offering, in which case force is necessary to restrain her.

“sexual harassment,”  Males of numerous species, from mammals to birds, fish and even insects, can be sexual menaces—and females have developed ingenious strategies to avoid unwanted attention.

The evolutionary biologist Alice Baniel, who has studied the desert baboons for six years, says human sexual misconduct might have evolutionary roots. “Even if a behaviour is grounded in evolution, this never means that we can justify it.”

A generation of social scientists and feminist scholars have argued, rape is primarily a crime of violence and power, not sex.

But scientists have other views:

If rape prevention programs are to be successful- the scientists contend, evolution must be taken into account. They recommend, among other things, advising women that ''the way they dress can put them at risk.'' 

They also recommend instructing young men, before they are granted drivers' licenses, that ''Darwinian selection'' is the reason a man ''may be tempted to demand sex even if he knows that his date truly doesn't want it'' or ''may mistake a woman's friendly comment or tight blouse as an invitation to sex.'' 

Men and women in civilised society are both mutually responsible for rape. Society should criminalise women who display their femininity in public and try to seduce potential powerful men.

''There are some aspects of human behaviour that are fairly clearly evolutionary .... that rape is adaptive in males.''

Dr Mary P. Koss, an authority on rape and a professor of public health at the University of Arizona, says that evolution is a factor in rape. She cautioned, however, that ''it is not proper to set up evolutionary and social causation as opposites,'' adding, ''You have to think about how they work together.'' Dr Thornhill and Dr Palmer, she said, ''have obviously never stood up before a group and given a rape prevention talk.''

''If you even imply to a male audience that all men are potential rapists, they go berserk,'' she said.

And she called the recommendation that women consider the risks of dressing attractively ''absolutely, perfectly unacceptable.''

Source: New York Times By Erica Goode Jan. 15, 2000

Males use aggression/violent behaviour to instil fear in females, so they’ll submit to sexual advances later. “These attacks certainly function to increase the fearful respect of the females for the males concerned; they learn that they must either totally avoid a particular male or quickly respond in a positive way to his requests.” The well-known primatologist Jane Goodall wrote in her book The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.

British behavioural ecologist Tim Clutton-Brock, who catalogued the ways nonhuman males across species—orangutans, otters, deer, ducks, butterflies—tried to force themselves on females. Sexual harassment is “asymmetric wars of attrition.”  A conflict between a male who wants to mate and a female who doesn’t. “Whoever wins that contest is the individual who’s prepared to go on for longest, there’s not necessarily a great deal of violent aggression involved. It’s just continual persistence. Rebutting persistent courtship has costs. And females finally give up and acquiesce.”

Some of the most innovative harassment research comes out of Gombe, where wild chimpanzees have been studied extensively for more than a half-century. There, scientists are piecing together the genetics of sexual coercion. Males in Gombe assert themselves, in part, by symbolic violence: charging and chasing females and puffing up their fur to look bigger. They also resort to actual violence like biting and kicking prospective mates. “Life is not easy for a female chimpanzee,” says Joseph Feldblum, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan.

As far back as the 1970s, behavioural biologist Barbara Smuts was observing a young female chimpanzee in Tanzania’s Gombe National Park, Smuts, now retired from the University of Michigan, wrote several papers during the 1990s. She argued that studies of primate sexual coercion could help us understand our species and lamented that few colleagues had given the subject much attention. 

In a 1995 article, “The Evolutionary Origins of Patriarchy,” she argued that the structures of certain primate societies—for example, the strong male-male alliances among chimpanzees—helped males control reproduction and female sexuality. Humans, she argued, inherited these structures from other primates and added new tools, like language, to tighten that control. “If male chimpanzees could talk,” she wrote, “they would probably develop rudimentary myths and rituals that increased male political solidarity and control over females.”

Many scientists share Smuts’ view that other animals can help us understand human sexual aggression. 

Studying sexual coercion among animals could help us understand the evolutionary origins of human behaviour that sexual aggression has deep evolutionary roots,

Source: Power Play • Oct 01, 2018, The National Wildlife Federation